Cervical Cancer in Women: Key Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention Tips from Experts

Cervical cancer develops in the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina — and is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 600,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year, and approximately 350,000 die from it. In India, it is the second most prevalent cancer among women, particularly those aged between 30 and 50. The risk increases in women who have not received the HPV vaccine or do not undergo regular Pap smear tests. The good news is that if detected early, cervical cancer can be completely cured.

Types and Causes of Cervical Cancer
There are two primary types of cervical cancer:

Squamous Cell Carcinoma – develops in the cells lining the outer surface of the cervix.

Adenocarcinoma – begins in the glandular cells inside the cervix.

The most common cause is infection with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Other risk factors include unprotected sexual activity, smoking, a weakened immune system, early sexual activity, and multiple sexual partners.

Three Major Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
Dr. Saloni Chadha, Assistant Professor at RML Hospital, explains that the early symptoms of cervical cancer can resemble a normal infection, which is why they are often ignored. However, women should watch out for these three major signs:

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding – bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause.

Unusual Vaginal Discharge – watery, foul-smelling, or mixed with blood.

Pelvic Pain or Pain During Intercourse – persistent pain or a feeling of heaviness in the lower abdomen that worsens over time.

Other possible symptoms include weakness, unexplained weight loss, back or leg pain, and frequent or painful urination. These signs tend to intensify as the disease progresses.

Prevention Tips

• Get vaccinated with the HPV vaccine between ages 9 and 26 for maximum effectiveness.

• Undergo a Pap smear test every three years for early detection.

• Practice safe sex and avoid unprotected intercourse.

• Quit smoking and alcohol consumption.

• Maintain a balanced diet and proper hygiene.

• Do not ignore any persistent or unusual symptoms.